A change in behavior as a result of experience can be defined as

A. learning.

B. knowledge.

C. understanding.

The learning process may include some elements such as verbal, conceptual, and

A. habitual.

B. experiential.

C. problem solving.

Insights, as applied to learning, involve a person's

A. association of learning with change.

B. grouping of associated perceptions into meaningful wholes.

C. ability to recognize the reason for learning a procedure.

Individuals make more progress learning if they have a clear objective. This is one feature of the principle of

A. primacy.

B. readiness.

C. willingness.

Which statement is true concerning motivations?

A. Motivations must be tangible to be effective.

B. Motivations may be very subtle and difficult to identify.

C. Negative motivations often are as effective as positive motivations.

Which is generally the more effective way for an instructor to properly motivate students?

A. Maintain pleasant personal relationships with students.

B. Provide positive motivations by the promise or achievement of rewards.

C. Reinforce their self-confidence by requiring no tasks beyond their ability to perform.

Which factor affecting perception has a great influence on the total perceptual process?

A. Self-concept.

B. Goals and values.

C. Time and opportunity.

A basic need that affects all of a person's perceptions is the need to

A. maintain and enhance the organized self.

B. accomplish a higher level of satisfaction.

C. avoid areas that pose a threat to success.

What is the basis of all learning?

A. Perception.

B. Motivation.

C. Positive self-concept.

Which principle of learning implies that a student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute?

A. Principle of effect.

B. Principle of primacy.

C. Principle of intensity.

An instructor may foster the development of insights by

A. helping the student acquire and maintain a favorable self-concept.

B. pointing out the attractive features of the activity to be learned.

C. keeping the rate of learning consistent so that it is predictable.

The mental grouping of affiliated perceptions is called

A. insights.

B. association.

C. conceptualization.

The principle that is based on the emotional reaction of the learner is the principle of

A. effect.

B. primacy.

C. intensity.

What level of knowledge is being tested if asked, 'What is the maneuvering speed of the aircraft listed in the owner's manual?'

A. Rote.

B. Application.

C. Understanding.

Which domain of learning deals with knowledge?

A. Cognitive.

B. Affective.

C. Psychomotor.

A learning plateau may be defined as the

A. point in the learning curve at which skill proficiency retrogresses.

B. normal leveling-off of an individual's learning rate.

C. achievement of the highest possible level of competence for a particular individual.

The best way to prepare a student to perform a task is to

A. explain the purpose of the task.

B. provide a clear, step-by-step example.

C. give the student an outline of the task.

Where is information for future use stored?

A. Sensory register.

B. Short-term memory.

C. Long-term memory.

Responses that produce a pleasurable return are called

A. reward.

B. praise.

C. positive feedback.

According to one theory, some forgetting is due to the practice of submerging an unpleasant experience into the subconscious. This is called

A. blanking.

B. immersion.

C. repression.

Which memory system processes input from the environment?

A. Working.

B. Long-term.

C. Sensory register.

Which transfer of learning occurs when the performance of a maneuver interferes with the learning of another maneuver?

A. Adverse.

B. Positive.

C. Negative.

To ensure proper habits and correct techniques during training, an instructor should

A. use the building block technique of instruction.

B. repeat subject matter the student has already learned.

C. introduce challenging material to continually motivate the student.

Which of the student's human needs offer the greatest challenge to an instructor?

A. Social.

B. Egoistic.

C. Self-fulfillment.

Before a student can concentrate on learning, which human needs must be satisfied?

A. Safety.

B. Physical.

C. Security.

When a student uses excuses to justify inadequate performance, it is an indication of the defense mechanism known as

A. flight.

B. aggression.

C. rationalization.

When students display the defense mechanism called aggression, they

A. become visibly angry, upset, and childish.

B. may refuse to participate in class activities.

C. attempt to justify actions by asking numerous questions.

When a student asks irrelevant questions or refuses to participate in class activities, it usually is an indication of the defense mechanism known as

A. flight.

B. aggression.

C. resignation.

When under stress, normal individuals usually react

A. by showing excellent morale followed by deep depression.

B. by responding rapidly and exactly, often automatically, within the limits of their experience and training.

C. inappropriately such as extreme over-cooperation, painstaking self-control, and inappropriate laughing or singing.

The instructor can counteract anxiety in a student by

A. treating the student's fears as a normal reaction.

B. discontinuing instruction in tasks that cause anxiety.

C. allowing the student to decide when he/she is ready for a new maneuver to be introduced.

To communicate effectively, instructors must

A. recognize the level of comprehension.

B. provide an atmosphere which encourages questioning.

C. reveal a positive attitude while delivering their message.

The effectiveness of communication between instructor and student is measured by the

A. degree of dynamic, interrelated elements.

B. similarity between the idea transmitted and the idea received.

C. relationship between communicative and dynamic elements.

By using abstractions in the communication process, the communicator will

A. bring forth specific items of experience in the minds of the receivers.

B. be using words which refer to objects or ideas that human beings can experience directly.

C. not evoke in the listener's or reader's mind the specific items of experience the communicator intends.

Probably the greatest single barrier to effective communication in the teaching process is a lack of

A. respect for the instructor.

B. personality harmony between instructor and student.

C. a common experience level between instructor and student.

When has instruction taken place?

A. When all the required material has been presented.

B. When a procedure has been explained, and the desired student response has occurred.

C. When the student hears what is presented.

Which method of presentation is desirable for teaching a skill such as ground school lesson on the flight computer?

A. Lecture/application.

B. Presentation/practice.

C. Demonstration/performance.

Which statement is true regarding student evaluation?

A. The student's own evaluations can only be objective.

B. Evaluation of the student's learning should be an integral part of each lesson.

C. If deficiencies or faults not associated with the present lesson are revealed, they should be corrected immediately.

Evaluation of student performance and accomplishment during a lesson should be based on

A. objectives and goals established in the lesson plan.

B. performance of each student compared to an objective standard.

C. each student's ability to make an objective evaluation of their own progress.

The proper sequence for the subparts of an introduction is

A. attention, motivation, and overview.

B. attention, development, and overview.

C. overview, motivation, and conclusion.

The method of arranging lesson material from the simple to complex, past to present, and known to unknown, is one that

A. creates student thought pattern departures.

B. shows the relationships of the main points of the lesson.

C. requires students to actively participate in the lesson.

In developing a lesson, the instructor should organize explanations and demonstrations to help the student

A. achieve the desired learning outcome.

B. acquire a thorough understanding of the material presented.

C. acquire new concepts, generally progressing from the known to the unknown.

The first step in preparing a lecture is to

A. research the subject.

B. develop the main ideas or key points.

C. establish the objective and desired outcome.

An instructor can inspire active student participation during informal lectures through the use of

A. questions.

B. visual aids.

C. encouragement.

The most significant characteristic of group learning is that it

A. continually requires active participation of the student.

B. usually requires passive participation of the student.

C. continually requires active participation of both the student and the instructor.

A question directed to an entire group to stimulate thought and response from each group member is identified as

A. Relay.

B. Overhead.

C. Rhetorical.

Which question would be best as a leadoff question for a guided discussion on the subject of torque?

A. Does torque affect an airplane?

B. How does torque affect an airplane?

C. What effect does torque have on an airplane in a turn?

When it appears students have adequately discussed the ideas presented during a guided discussion, one of the most valuable tools an instructor can use is

A. a session of verbal testing.

B. a written test on the subject discussed.

C. an interim summary of what the students accomplished.

In the demonstration/performance method of instruction, which two separate actions are performed concurrently?

A. Instructor explanation and demonstration.

B. Student performance and instructor supervision.

C. Instructor explanation and student demonstration.

What is the last step in the demonstration/performance method?

A. Summary.

B. Evaluation.

C. Student performance.

Which statement is true concerning computer-based training (CBT)?

A. CBT may be used by the instructor as stand-alone training.

B. One of the major advantages of CBT is that students can progress at a rate which is comfortable for them.

C. The instructor need not be actively involved with the students when using instructional aids.

Which statement is true about instructors' critiques?

A. Instructors should rely on their personality to make a critique more acceptable.

B. A comprehensive critique should emphasize positive aspects of student performance.

C. Before students willingly accept their instructor's critique, they must first accept the instructor.

When an instructor critiques a student, it should always be

A. done in private.

B. subjective rather than objective.

C. conducted immediately after the student's performance.

A written test is said to be comprehensive when it

A. includes all levels of difficulty.

B. samples liberally whatever is being measured.

C. measures knowledge of the same topic in many different ways.

Which is the main disadvantage of supply-type test items?

A. They cannot be graded with uniformity.

B. They are readily answered by guessing.

C. They are easily adapted to statistical analysis.

A written test has validity when it

A. yields consistent results.

B. samples liberally whatever is being measured.

C. measures what it is supposed to measure.

Which is one of the major difficulties encountered in the construction of multiple-choice test items?

A. Adapting the items to statistical item analysis.

B. Keeping all responses approximately equal in length.

C. Inventing distractors which will be attractive to students lacking knowledge or understanding.

In a written test, which type of selection-type test items reduces the probability of guessing correct responses?

A. Essay.

B. Matching.

C. Multiple-choice.

Practical tests for pilot certification are

A. norm-referenced.

B. criterion-referenced.

C. evaluation-referenced.

The objective of the Practical Test Standards (PTS) is to ensure the certification of pilots at a high level of performance and proficiency, consistent with

A. safety.

B. the time available.

C. their abilities.

During oral quizzing in a given lesson, effective questions should

A. be brief and concise.

B. provide answers that can be expressed in a variety of ways.

C. divert the student's thoughts to subjects covered in previous lessons.

To be effective in oral quizzing during the conduct of a lesson, a question should

A. be of suitable difficulty for that stage of training.

B. include a combination of where, how, and why.

C. divert the student's thoughts to subjects covered in other lessons.

Which is a true statement concerning the use of instructional aids?

A. Instructional aids ensure getting and holding the student's attention.

B. Instructional aids should be designed to cover the key points in a lesson.

C. Instructional aids should not be used simply to cover a subject in less time.

Which statement is true regarding positive or negative approaches in aviation instructional techniques?

A. A student with normal abilities should not be affected by an instructor who emphasizes emergency procedures early in training.

B. A positive approach, to be effective, will point out the pleasurable features of aviation before the unpleasant possibilities are discussed.

C. The introduction of emergency procedures before the student is acquainted with normal operations is likely to be neither discouraging nor affect learning.

Faulty performance due to student overconfidence should be corrected by

A. increasing the standard of performance for each lesson.

B. praising the student only when the performance is perfect.

C. providing strong, negative evaluation at the end of each lesson.

An instructor can most effectively maintain a high level of student motivation by

A. making each lesson a pleasurable experience.

B. relaxing the standards of performance required during the early phase of training.

C. continually challenging the student to meet the highest objectives of training that can be established.

Before endorsing a student for solo flight, the instructor should require the student to demonstrate consistent ability to perform

A. slow flight, stalls, emergency landings, takeoffs and landings, and go-arounds.

B. all of the fundamental maneuvers.

C. all maneuvers specified in the Student Pilot Guide.

In evaluating student demonstrations of piloting ability, it is important for the flight instructor to

A. remain silent and observe.

B. keep the student informed of progress.

C. explain errors in performance immediately.

Evaluation of demonstrated ability during flight instruction must be based upon

A. established standards of performance, suitably modified to apply to the student's experience.

B. the progress of the student, considering the time and experience attained since beginning training.

C. the instructor's background and experience relating to student pilots at this stage of training.

True performance as a professional is based on study and

A. attitude.

B. perseverance.

C. research.

Which statement is true regarding true professionalism as an instructor?

A. Anything less than sincere performance destroys the effectiveness of the professional instructor.

B. To achieve professionalism, actions and decisions must be limited to standard patterns and practices.

C. A single definition of professionalism would encompass all of the qualifications and considerations which must be present.

Which would more likely result in students becoming frustrated?

A. Giving the students meaningless praise.

B. Telling students their work is unsatisfactory with no explanation.

C. Covering up instructor mistakes or bluffing when the instructor is in doubt.

Student confidence tends to be destroyed if instructors

A. bluff whenever in doubt about some point.

B. continually identify student errors and failures.

C. direct and control the student's actions and behavior.

During integrated flight instruction, the instructor must be sure the student

A. develops the habit of looking for other traffic.

B. is able to control the aircraft for extended periods under IMC.

C. can depend on the flight instruments when maneuvering by outside references.

Integrated flight instruction has many benefits but, the main objective is to

A. develop the student's ability to fly the aircraft during inadvertent IMC.

B. ensure the student is not overly dependent on instruments during VFR flight.

C. help the student develop habit patterns for observance of and reliance on flight instruments.

Students who grow impatient when learning the basic elements of a task are those who

A. are less easily discouraged than the unaggressive students.

B. should have the preliminary training presented one step at a time with clearly stated goals for each step.

C. should be advanced to the next higher level of learning and not held back by insisting that the immediate goal be reached before they proceed to the next level.

Students quickly become apathetic when they

A. realize material is being withheld by the instructor.

B. understand the objectives toward which they are working.

C. recognize that the instructor is not adequately prepared.

Which is one of the ways in which anxiety will affect a student?

A. Anxiety may limit the student's ability to learn from perceptions.

B. Anxiety will speed up the learning process for the student if properly controlled and directed by the instructor.

C. Anxiety causes dispersal of the student's attention over such a wide range of matters as to interfere with normal reactions.

In planning any instructional activity, the first consideration should be to

A. determine the overall objectives and standards.

B. establish common ground between the instructor and student.

C. identify the blocks of learning which make up the overall objective.

Which statement is true concerning extraneous blocks of instruction during a course of training?

A. They are usually necessary parts of the total objective.

B. They detract from the completion of the final objective.

C. They assist in the attainment of the lesson's objective.

Each lesson of a training syllabus includes

A. attention, motivation, and overview.

B. introduction, development, and conclusion.

C. objective, content, and completion standards.

Which statement is true regarding lesson plans?

A. Lesson plans should not be directed toward the course objective; only to the lesson objective.

B. A well-thought out mental outline of a lesson may be used any time as long as the instructor is well prepared.

C. Lesson plans help instructors keep a constant check on their own activity as well as that of their students.

Every lesson, when adequately developed, falls logically into the four steps of the teaching process -

A. preparation, introduction, presentation, and review and application.

B. preparation, presentation, application, and review and evaluation.

C. preparation, introduction, presentation, and review and evaluation.

(Refer to figure 1 .) Section A is titled:

A. Overview.

B. Objective.

C. Introduction.

(Refer to figure 1 .) Section D is titled:

A. Content.

B. Equipment.

C. Instructor's Actions.

A lesson plan, if constructed properly, will provide an outline for

A. proceeding from the unknown to the known.

B. the teaching procedure to be used in a single instructional period.

C. establishing blocks of learning that become progressively larger in scope.