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VA means design maneuvering speed. |
Steady green - on the surface = Cleared for takeoff; in flight = Cleared to land. |
Each person operating an aircraft shall maintain the cruising altitude ... by reference to an altimeter that is set, when operating-- Below 18,000 feet MSL, to-- The current reported altimeter setting of a station along the route and within 100 nautical miles of the aircraft; ... or the current reported altimeter setting of an appropriate available station; or ... the elevation of the departure airport or an appropriate altimeter setting available before departure. |
During a slipping turn, the tail of the yaw string will be offset toward the outside of a turn. The ball moves to the inside of the turn to indicate a slip, or to the outside to indicate a skid. |
There are other important airspeed limitations not marked on the face of the airspeed indicator... One example is the MANEUVERING SPEED. |
MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL CRUISING SPEED (the upper limit of the green arc). This is the maximum speed for normal operation. |
FLAP OPERATING RANGE (the white arc). |
MAXIMUM FLAPS EXTENDED SPEED (the upper limit of the white arc). This is the highest airspeed at which the pilot should extend full flaps. |
NEVER-EXCEED SPEED (the red line). This is the maximum speed at which the airplane can be operated in smooth air. This speed should never be exceeded intentionally. |
As the airplane moves through the air, the impact pressure on the open pitot tube affects the pressure in the pitot chamber. Any change of pressure in the pitot chamber is transmitted through a line connected to the airspeed indicator which utilizes impact pressure for its operation. |
NEVER-EXCEED SPEED (the red line). This is the maximum speed at which the airplane can be operated in smooth air. This speed should never be exceeded intentionally. |
True Altitude - The true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level - the actual altitude. |
The shortest hand indicates altitude in tens of thousands of feet; the intermediate hand in thousands of feet; and the longest hand in hundreds of feet, subdivided into 20-foot increments. |
The numerical values of pressure indicated in the window increase while the altimeter indicates an increase in altitude; or a decrease while the altimeter indicates a decrease in altitude. |
This indicated altitude is correct, however, only if sea level barometric pressure is standard (29.92 in. Hg.), the sea level free air temperature is standard (+15oC or 59oF). |
Pressure Altitude - The altitude indicated when the altimeter setting window (barometric scale) is adjusted to 29.92. |
True Altitude - The true vertical distance of the aircraft above sea level - the actual altitude. |
Absolute Altitude - The vertical distance of an aircraft above the terrain. |
There are two major parts of the pitot-static system: (1) impact pressure chamber and lines; and (2) static pressure chamber and lines, which provides the source of ambient air pressure for the operation of the altimeter, vertical speed indicator, and the airspeed indicator. |
An adjustment knob is provided with which the pilot may move the miniature airplane up or down to align the miniature airplane with the horizon bar to suit the pilot's line of vision. |
The relationship of the miniature airplane to the horizon bar should be used for an indication of the direction of bank. |
Bear in mind that the heading indicator is not direction-seeking, as is the magnetic compass. It is important to check the indications frequently and reset the heading indicator to align it with the magnetic compass when required. |
The turn coordinator shows the yaw and roll of the aircraft around the vertical and longitudinal axes. |
When on an east or west heading, no error is apparent while entering a turn to north or south; however, an increase in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward north; a decrease in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward south. If on a north or south heading, no error will be apparent because of acceleration or deceleration. |
Deviation Magnetic disturbances from magnetic fields produced by metals and electrical accessories in an aircraft disturb the compass needles and produce an additional error. |
The magnetic compass should be read only when the aircraft is flying straight and level at a constant speed. This will help reduce errors to a minimum. |
When on an east or west heading, no error is apparent while entering a turn to north or south; however, an increase in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward north; a decrease in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward south. If on a north or south heading, no error will be apparent because of acceleration or deceleration. |
On a warm day, a given mass of air expands to a larger volume than on a cold day, raising the pressure levels. For example, the pressure level where the altimeter indicates 5,000 feet is HIGHER on a warm day. |
Do not be confused by the fact that as the barometric pressure scale is moved, the indicator needles move in the same direction. (1" Hg = 1,000 feet) |
In the Northern Hemisphere, when making a turn from a northerly heading, the compass gives an initial indication of a turn in the opposite direction. |
The course or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic north. Therefore, a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending outward from the VOR station... To aid in orientation, a compass rose reference to magnetic north is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. |
Magnetic Bearing - "TO" the station is the angle formed by a line drawn from the aircraft to the station and a line drawn from the aircraft to magnetic north. The magnetic bearing to the station can be determined by adding the relative bearing to the magnetic heading of the aircraft. |
To determine the magnetic bearing "FROM" the station, 180o is added to or subtracted from the magnetic bearing to the station. |
To determine the magnetic bearing "FROM" the station, 180o is added to or subtracted from the magnetic bearing to the station. |
Magnetic Bearing - "TO" the station is the angle formed by a line drawn from the aircraft to the station and a line drawn from the aircraft to magnetic north. The magnetic bearing to the station can be determined by adding the relative bearing to the magnetic heading of the aircraft. |
Magnetic Bearing - "TO" the station is the angle formed by a line drawn from the aircraft to the station and a line drawn from the aircraft to magnetic north. The magnetic bearing to the station can be determined by adding the relative bearing to the magnetic heading of the aircraft. |
Relative Bearing - is the angle measured clockwise from the nose of the aircraft to a line drawn from the aircraft to the station. |
If the course selector is rotated until the deviation needle is centered, the radial (magnetic course "FROM" the station) or its reciprocal (magnetic course "TO" the station) can be determined. The course deviation needle will also move to the right or left if the aircraft is flown or drifting away from the radial which is set in the course selector. |
If the aircraft passes to one side of the station, the needle will deflect in the direction of the station as the indicator changes to "FROM." |
If the course selector is rotated until the deviation needle is centered, the radial (magnetic course "FROM" the station) or its reciprocal (magnetic course "TO" the station) can be determined. The course deviation needle will also move to the right or left if the aircraft is flown or drifting away from the radial which is set in the course selector. |
If the aircraft passes to one side of the station, the needle will deflect in the direction of the station as the indicator changes to "FROM." |
The course or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic north. Therefore, a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending outward from the VOR station... To aid in orientation, a compass rose reference to magnetic north is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. |
The course or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic north. Therefore, a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending outward from the VOR station... To aid in orientation, a compass rose reference to magnetic north is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. |
If the course selector is rotated until the deviation needle is centered, the radial (magnetic course "FROM" the station) or its reciprocal (magnetic course "TO" the station) can be determined. The course deviation needle will also move to the right or left if the aircraft is flown or drifting away from the radial which is set in the course selector. |
The course or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic north. Therefore, a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending outward from the VOR station... To aid in orientation, a compass rose reference to magnetic north is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. |
The course or radials projected from the station are referenced to magnetic north. Therefore, a radial is defined as a line of magnetic bearing extending outward from the VOR station... To aid in orientation, a compass rose reference to magnetic north is superimposed on aeronautical charts at the station location. |
Pressure altitude is the altitude in the standard atmosphere where pressure is the same as where you are. |
When flying from high pressure to lower pressure without adjusting your altimeter, you are losing true altitude. |
When air is colder than average, the altimeter reads higher than true altitude. When air is warmer than standard, the altimeter reads lower than true altitude. |
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Transmitter and receiver inoperative: Remain outside or above Class D surface area until the direction and flow of traffic has been determined; then join the airport traffic pattern and maintain visual contact with the tower to receive light signals. |
Up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL, state the separate digits of the thousands plus the hundreds if appropriate. Example: 12,500 - one two thousand five hundred. |
Up to but not including 18,000 feet MSL, state the separate digits of the thousands plus the hundreds if appropriate. Example: 12,500 - one two thousand five hundred. |
Pilots, when calling a ground station, should begin with the name of the facility being called followed by the type of facility. (e.g. FAA Flight Service Station - "Chicago Radio") |
Immediately change to ground control frequency when advised by the tower and obtain a taxi clearance. |
Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs. Hypoxia from exposure to altitude is due only to the reduced barometric pressures encountered at altitude, for the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere remains about 21 percent from the ground out to space. |
VNE means never-exceed speed. |
VNO means maximum structural cruising speed. |
VF means design flap speed. |
VS1 means the stalling speed or the minimum steady flight speed obtained in a specific configuration. |
Each person operating an aircraft shall maintain the cruising altitude ... by reference to an altimeter that is set, when operating-- At or above 18,000 feet MSL, to 29.92'' Hg. |
No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry-- At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the ... flight crew ... uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight ... that is of more than 30 minutes duration; At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the ... flight crew ... uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight ... ; and At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen. |
No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry-- At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the ... flight crew ... uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight ... that is of more than 30 minutes duration; At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the ... flight crew ... uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight ... ; and At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen. |
An advantage of the electric variometer is that its sensitivity can be adjusted in flight to suit existing air conditions. |
A variometer with a total energy system senses changes in airspeed and tends to cancel out the resulting climb and dive indications (stick thermals). |
A variometer with a total energy system senses changes in airspeed and tends to cancel out the resulting climb and dive indications (stick thermals). |
When on an east or west heading, no error is apparent while entering a turn to north or south. However, an increase in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward north; a decrease will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward south. |
Although it (bailout bottle) is designed for use during a parachute descent from high altitude, it also serves as an emergency oxygen supply, should the main system malfunction or become prematurely exhausted. |
Some important airspeed limitations are not marked on the face of the airspeed indicator. Design maneuvering speed (VA)-This is the "rough air" speed and maximum speed for abrupt maneuvers. If during flight, rough air or severe turbulence is encountered, reduce the airspeed to maneuvering speed or less to minimize stress on the airplane structure. |
Upper limit of green arc (VNO)-The maximum structural cruising speed. Do not exceed this speed except in smooth air. |
White arc - This arc is commonly referred to as the flap operating range since its lower limit represents the full flap stall speed and its upper limit provides the maximum flap speed. |
Some important airspeed limitations are not marked on the face of the airspeed indicator. Design maneuvering speed (VA)-This is the "rough air" speed and maximum speed for abrupt maneuvers. If during flight, rough air or severe turbulence is encountered, reduce the airspeed to maneuvering speed or less to minimize stress on the airplane structure. |
Pressure Altitude - The altitude indicated when the altimeter setting window (barometric scale) is adjusted to 29.92. |
In the Northern Hemisphere, the compass swings towards the north during acceleration, and towards the south during deceleration. |
Magnetic Bearing - "TO" the station is the angle formed by a line drawn from the aircraft to the station and a line drawn from the aircraft to magnetic north. The magnetic bearing to the station can be determined by adding the relative bearing to the magnetic heading of the aircraft. |
When navigating to a station, determine the inbound radial and use this radial. ...If this is not done, the action of the course deviation needle will be reversed. |
When navigating to a station, determine the inbound radial and use this radial. ...If this is not done, the action of the course deviation needle will be reversed. |
To use the VOT service, tune in the VOT frequency on your VOR receiver. With the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) centered, the omni-bearing selector should read 0 degrees with the to/from indication showing "from" or the omni-bearing selector should read 180 degrees with the to/from indication showing "to." |
Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs. Hypoxia from exposure to altitude is due only to the reduced barometric pressures encountered at altitude, for the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere remains about 21 percent from the ground out to space. |
Steady red - on the surface = Stop; in flight = Give way to other aircraft and continue circling. |
No person may operate a civil aircraft of U.S. registry-- At cabin pressure altitudes above 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the ... flight crew ... uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight ... that is of more than 30 minutes duration; At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the ... flight crew ... uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight ... ; and At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen. |
A variometer with a total energy system senses changes in airspeed and tends to cancel out the resulting climb and dive indications (stick thermals). |
MAXIMUM STRUCTURAL CRUISING SPEED (the upper limit of the green arc). This is the maximum speed for normal operation. |
When on an east or west heading, no error is apparent while entering a turn to north or south; however, an increase in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward north; a decrease in airspeed or acceleration will cause the compass to indicate a turn toward south. If on a north or south heading, no error will be apparent because of acceleration or deceleration. |
Calibrated Airspeed (CAS) - Indicated airspeed corrected for installation error and instrument error. This error is generally greatest at low airspeeds. Refer to the airspeed calibration chart to correct for possible airspeed errors. |
The angular difference between magnetic north, the reference for the magnetic compass, and true north is variation. |
If the course selector is rotated until the deviation needle is centered, the radial (magnetic course "FROM" the station) or its reciprocal (magnetic course "TO" the station) can be determined. The course deviation needle will also move to the right or left if the aircraft is flown or drifting away from the radial which is set in the course selector. |
If the course selector is rotated until the deviation needle is centered, the radial (magnetic course "FROM" the station) or its reciprocal (magnetic course "TO" the station) can be determined. The course deviation needle will also move to the right or left if the aircraft is flown or drifting away from the radial which is set in the course selector. |
To use the VOT service, tune in the VOT frequency on your VOR receiver. With the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI) centered, the omni-bearing selector should read 0 degrees with the to/from indication showing "from" or the omni-bearing selector should read 180 degrees with the to/from indication showing "to." |
The only positive method of identifying a VOR is by its Morse Code identification or by the recorded automatic voice identification...During periods of maintenance, the facility may radiate a T-E-S-T code or the code may be removed. |
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Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs. Hypoxia from exposure to altitude is due only to the reduced barometric pressures encountered at altitude, for the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere remains about 21 percent from the ground out to space. |
Hypoxia is a state of oxygen deficiency in the body sufficient to impair functions of the brain and other organs. Hypoxia from exposure to altitude is due only to the reduced barometric pressures encountered at altitude, for the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere remains about 21 percent from the ground out to space. |
Industrial oxygen is not intended for breathing and may contain impurities, and medical oxygen contains water vapor that can freeze in the regulator when exposed to cold temperatures. |